Ngesikhathi lapho umhlaba usebenzisa ngenkuthalo umqondo wentuthuko esimeme futhi wenza yonke imizamo yokufeza imigomo "yekhabhoni ephindwe kabili", i-furandiformic acid (i-FDCA) ivele njengenkanyezi entsha ekhazimulayo emkhakheni wezinto ezisekelwe ku-bio, isivulela umnyango omusha wekusasa eliluhlaza.
I-Furanediformic acid, njenge-white solid, iyancibilika emanzini nasezincibilikisini eziphilayo ezifana nama-alcohol nama-esters. Inokubola, ukuzwela okunamandla kanye nokuqina okuhle kwamakhemikhali. Akuyona nje ikhemikhali elibalulekile elisekelwe ku-bio, kodwa futhi ingenye yamayunithi abalulekile esakhiwo sokusebenza okuthuthukile kanye nezinto ze-polymer ezinenani eliphezulu. Ukusebenza kwayo okuvelele emikhakheni eminingi ebalulekile kubhala kabusha njalo iphethini yentuthuko yemboni futhi kuletha amathuba nezinguquko ezingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili emikhakheni eminingi.
Ngokombono wokuvikelwa kwemvelo, i-furanediformic acid inezinzuzo ezingenakuqhathaniswa. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-polyester yendabuko kuncike kakhulu ezintweni zokusetshenziswa ze-petrochemical, njenge-terephthalic acid (PTA). Yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza ayigcini nje ngokudla inani elikhulu lemithombo kaphethiloli engavuseleleki kodwa futhi ikhipha inani elikhulu lokukhishwa kwekhabhoni, okubeka umthwalo onzima endaweni ezungezile. Ukuzalwa kwe-furanediformic acid kwaqeda ngokuphelele lo mnqamulajuqu. Isebenzisa i-biomass evuselelekayo njengezinto zokusetshenziswa, inciphisa ukuthembela kumafutha avela emthonjeni futhi yehlisa kakhulu ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni. Ngokwezibalo zedatha zobungcweti, izinto ze-polyethylene glycol 2, 5-furanediforme (PEF) ezenziwe nge-furanediforme acid zinganciphisa kakhulu "i-carbon footprint" kuyo yonke imijikelezo yazo yokuphila uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto ze-PET zendabuko, zifake umfutho onamandla ekuthuthukisweni okuluhlaza nokusimeme koMhlaba. Lesi sici senza i-furandiformic acid ibe yinto ekhethwayo yamabhizinisi amaningi ekufuneni kwawo ukuguqulwa kokuvikelwa kwemvelo, ikhuthaza ngempumelelo ukuguqulwa okujulile kwezimboni ezahlukene zibe amamodeli okukhiqiza okuluhlaza. Ngokuphathelene nokusebenza, i-furanediformic acid nayo iyamangalisa. Inesakhiwo sama-molecule esifanayo ne-monomer terephthalic acid (PTA) yendabuko esekwe ku-petroleum, zombili zinokunambitheka kwesistimu ehlanganisiwe ejikelezayo futhi zombili ziqukethe amaqembu amabili e-hydroxyl, okwenza zifane kakhulu ngezakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali. Kodwa-ke, indandatho ye-furan ye-furanediformic acid iyisakhiwo se-heterocyclic, futhi lesi sakhiwo esiyingqayizivele siyinika isici sokuba lula ukubola ngokwemvelo kunendandatho ye-benzene. Okwamanje, ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwe-polymerization nama-monomers afana nama-diols nama-diamine, i-furanediformic acid ingasetshenziswa ukulungiselela i-polyester esebenza kahle, i-polyamide nezinye izinto ezintsha zokwenziwa ze-polymer ezisekelwe ku-bio eziqukethe ama-compounds aromatic. Thatha izinto ze-PEF njengesibonelo. Izakhiwo zayo zokuvimbela amagesi ahlukahlukene zinamandla kakhulu kunezinto ze-PET zendabuko. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inamandla aphezulu okusebenza futhi ingakhiqiza imikhiqizo yokupakisha enobukhulu obuncane bodonga. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza komkhiqizo, kodwa futhi kunciphisa ngempumelelo ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokupakisha, kufezwe imigomo emibili yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kanye nokongiwa kwezinsiza. Izinkambu eziningi zokusetshenziswa kwe-furanediformic acid ezingezansi ziqokomisa kakhulu inani layo elikhulu lemakethe. Emkhakheni wezinto zokupakisha, izinto ze-PEF, ezinezakhiwo zazo ezinhle kakhulu zokuvimbela igesi kanye namandla emishini, zingavikela kangcono okuqukethwe ukudla, imithi, njll., zandise isikhathi sazo sokuphelelwa yisikhathi, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo zinciphise ukukhiqizwa kwemfucuza yokupakisha, zilethe ikhambi eliguqukayo embonini yokupakisha eluhlaza. Emkhakheni wezintambo zezindwangu, izinto zefayibha ezithathwe ku-furanediformic acid zinamandla aphezulu, i-modulus ephezulu kanye nokumelana okuhle kakhulu nokugqwala kwamakhemikhali. Zingasetshenziswa kabanzi emikhiqizweni yezindwangu ephezulu kanye nasemasimini akhethekile njengemboni kanye nokuvikela izwe, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ikhwalithi kanye nokusebenza kwemikhiqizo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-furanediformic acid ibonise amathuba amaningi okusetshenziswa emikhakheni eminingi efana nokupakisha imithi, amapulasitiki obunjiniyela, i-nylon, izembozo, kanye nama-plasticizer, futhi kancane kancane iba yimbangela ebalulekile eqhuba ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe kanye nokusungula umkhiqizo ezimbonini ezahlukene.
Njengoba ukwanda okuqhubekayo kokunaka komhlaba wonke ekuthuthukisweni okusimeme kanye nesidingo esikhulayo sezinto ezisekelwe ku-bio, amathuba emakethe e-furandiformic acid akhanya kakhulu. Ngokusho kokubikezela kwezikhungo ezigunyaziwe, ngo-2027, ubukhulu bemakethe ye-FDCA kulindeleke ukuthi budlule amathani ayisigidi, ngamandla amakhulu emakethe. Njengamanje, amabhizinisi amaningi aziwayo asekhaya nakwamanye amazwe abeka ngenkuthalo imboni ye-furanediformic acid, andisa ukutshalwa kwezimali ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kanye nokwakhiwa kwamakhono. Isibonelo, njengebhizinisi elihamba phambili emkhakheni womhlaba wonke wezinto ezinuka kamnandi ezisekelwe ku-bio, i-Lifu Bio, ngemuva kweminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi yocwaningo olungapheli kanye nentuthuko, ihlole ngempumelelo inqubo eyingqayizivele yomhlaba wonke ethi "Biomass glucose HMF FDCA", ihlukana nokuncika kwezinto ezisekelwe ku-furan ku-fructose etholakala kokusanhlamvu. Ngo-2022, yaqalisa ngempumelelo umugqa wokuqala wokukhiqiza we-FDCA wamathani ayi-1,000 emhlabeni, kwathi ngoSepthemba 2024, yaqala ukwakhiwa komugqa wokuqala we-FDCA wamathani ayi-10,000 emhlabeni. Ngokwandiswa kwezinga kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi okuqhubekayo, kuhola ukuthambekela kokuthuthukiswa kwemboni esekelwe ku-furan bio. Okwamanje, ithimba elivela e-East China University of Science and Technology nalo liqhuba ucwaningo ngenkuthalo ngephrojekthi ethi “Biomass Conversion to Plastic Monomer – Furanediformic acid”. Ngokuthuthukisa ngobuhlakani ama-catalyst kanye nezinqubo zokukhiqiza okuqhubekayo, basungule indlela yokwenziwa okuqhubekayo kusuka ku-glucose kuya ku-2, 5-furanediformic acid, okukhuthaza ngempumelelo intuthuko yobuchwepheshe be-furanediformic acid kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemboni.
I-Furandiformic acid, njengomkhiqizo oyinhloko emkhakheni wezinto ezisekelwe ku-bio, ihola izimboni ezahlukahlukene enkathini entsha yentuthuko eluhlaza nokusimeme ngokusebenza kwayo okuhle kakhulu kokuvikelwa kwemvelo, izakhiwo zayo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali, kanye namathuba amaningi okusetshenziswa. Ayinikezi nje kuphela amabhizinisi ithuba elihle lokufeza ukuguqulwa kokuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nokuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo, kodwa futhi ihlinzeka ngesisekelo esiqinile sezinto ezibonakalayo ukuze sivikele ngokubambisana ikhaya lethu loMhlaba futhi sakhe ikusasa eliqhakazile. Masibambane ngezandla futhi samukele i-furanediformic acid, leli themba elisha lekusasa eliluhlaza, ngentshiseko, futhi sidale ndawonye ikusasa eliluhlaza nelichumayo!
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba-09-2025
